Plant -Biotic interactions
Many different microorganisms, both subterranean and aboveground, dwell in dense populations within plants. The four types of bacteria that colonize plants are called endophytes, which live inside plant tissues, phyllospheric, which live on the surface of leaves, rhizospheric, which live in the soil near the roots, and epiphytes, which dwell on the surface of leaves. Numerous microorganisms can be found living in the rhizosphere, which is a crucial niche in plants. Among their qualities are those of encouraging plant development, preventing illness, getting rid of harmful substances, and absorbing nutrients.
The study of plant-animal interactions in the context of nutrient flow in food chains and food webs, the exchange of important gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide between plants and animals, and strategies for mutual survival between plant and animal species through pollination and seed dispersal. Everything is part of ecology.