1.Plant Biology

 

Plant Biology is a branch of biology which deals with plant life and its development and Plant Biology covers wide range of scientific aspects like plant structure, plant growth, plant reproduction, plant metabolism, plant development, plant diseases, and plant chemical properties and plant evolutionary relationships.

All plant species will respond to all environmental factors like light, gravity, temperature and predation. Although there are unique in species but all plants are with same features i.e. stem, root and leaves, through which they transport water, minerals and sugars through the process of photosynthesis.

2. Plant Biotechnology

Plant Biotechnology  is a set of scientific techniques used to develop and modify plants for specific and beneficial needs. It’s a highly complex work includes Plant Tissue Culture, Plants micro propagation, Plant mutation cloning, Plant cells technology to develop a new or suitable plant, as per the requirement.

There are two major aspects in plat biotechnology: One is Plant Tissue Culture which includes plant cloning and the second one is Recombinant DNA Technology which has gene cloning process. Researchers developed genetically modified crops or transgenic crops which we call them as conventional foods, by using plant cloning and gene cloning techniques.

 

3.Plant Breeding

Plant breeding  is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics. It has been used to improve the quality of nutrition in products for humans and animals. The goals of plant breeding are to produce crop varieties that boast unique and superior traits for a variety of agricultural applications. The most frequently addressed traits are those related to biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, grain or biomass yield, end-use quality characteristics such as taste or the concentrations of specific biological molecules (proteins, sugars, lipids, vitamins, fibers) and ease of processing (harvesting, milling, baking, malting, blending, etc.).

Plant breeding can be performed through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to methods that make use of knowledge of genetics and chromosomes, to more complex molecular techniques (see cultigen and cultivar). Genes in a plant are what determine what type of qualitative or quantitative traits it will have. Plant breeders strive to create a specific outcome of plants and potentially new plant varieties, and in the course of doing so, narrow down the genetic diversity of that variety to a specific few biotypes.

 

4.Plant Physiology and Biochemistry

Plant Physiology is the sub-discipline of Botany, which includes the study of all internal activities (chemical and physical process) in plants. The major part of plant physiology is photochemistry, which is the study of biochemistry of plants.

Plant Physiology and Biochemistry study shows, plants produce wide variety of chemical compounds like pigments, enzymes and other compounds to function, which are useful for photosynthesis process. As plants can’t move, they defend themselves from herbivores pathogens by using chemical compounds which shows toxic affect, foul tasting. Few compounds play role against diseases, survival during drought, some attract pollinators to spread ripe seeds.

5.Plant Genetics and Genomics

Plant genetics  is the study of genes, genetic variation and heredity in plants. Like all other organisms plants use DNA to pass the characteristics or traits. Speciation of few plants depends on their unique genetic abilities.

Plant genetics can identify the DNA of chloroplast and mitochondria and where chloroplast has an additional reservoir of gene and its diversity and also an extra layer of genetic complexity which can’t found at animals.

Genomics helps to understand the genetic architecture and also the gene isolation process which are responsible for mutations. Recent technological advancements gives an ability to understand the clear structure on genotype and phenotype.

6.Plant Molecular Biology

Plant Molecular Biology is the study of molecular basis of plant life, particularly concerned with the processes by which the information encoded in the genome is manifested as structures, processes and behaviors.

Plant Molecular Biology explores certain cells role and their function in plant life and it is useful to find out methods to alter cells for great effect like reaction to various stresses, resistance to common diseases and to maintain mineral levels in a plant.

Plant Microbiology elucidates and understands the mechanisms like genetic signal transduction, cell differentiation, plant microbe interactions, local adaptation and developmental process. Areas of research include nitrogen fixation, plant perception of microbial signaling molecules, pathogen susceptibility, colonization and entophytic bacteria/fungi.

7.Plant Ecology and Taxonomy

Plant Ecology is a sub-discipline of Ecology, deals distribution and abundance of plants and the study of interaction between plants and the organisms and the effect of environmental factors on the abundance of plants and.

Plant Ecology shows the relationships of plants with physical and biotic environment. For example, as plants are immovable which means, sessile they catch up the light for photosynthesis process for its energy purpose and also absorb water and nutrients from the environment.

Where Plant Taxonomy is the science to find, identifies, describes, classifies, and names plants. Based on the plant taxonomy studies the differentiation in species can be identified and also helps to find out the plant evolution.

8.Microbiology and Phycology

Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa and archaea. It also includes fundamental research on cell biology, biochemistry, evolution, ecology and clinical aspects of microorganisms.

Microorganisms present in plant rhizosphere are bacteria, algae, fungi and actinomycetes. Microbial population increases by taking exudates i.e. low molecular weight compound which are released by plant roots.

Phycology is the branch of botany which gives study on seaweeds (red, green, or brown marine algae) and algae. It’s also called algology, as it includes study about algae. Phycology study shows the importance of algae’s in ecology.

9.Plant Pathology and Mycology

 

Plant Pathology studies plant diseases, where same as like animals and humans plants will also effect with a disease. As there is more number of species in plant kingdom, types of diseases are also more in variety.

Plant pathology is also called phytopathology. Disease caused by pathogens is called biotic diseases, where the pathogens are variety of microorganisms like fungi, viruses, bacteria and nematodes. Diseases caused by winter damage or drought stress are often called abiotic diseases.

Mycology is a branch of biology which studies fungi, along with its genetic and biochemical properties. As per the taxonomy, they used for traditional medicine, food and few are dangerous, toxic and infectious.

 

10.Plant Nutrition and Soil Sciences

Plant Nutrition itself shows absorption of inorganic nutrients and water through their root system and carbon dioxide from the environment. Plants require macronutrients like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sulfur and magnesium.

For Plant Nutrition, plants absorb organic compounds along with water; sunlight and carbon dioxide produce the energy which is useful to plant growth. Such type of plants is called autotrophs where they form their own food. Another type is heterotrophs where they form their food be depending on the parasite as they lack chlorophyll.

Soil Science deals with study of soil i.e. surface of the earth which includes soil formation, classification and mapping, fertility properties, physical, chemical and biological properties of soil and study on these properties are important in soil management.

 

11.Plant Metabolic Engineering

The redirection of one or more enzymatic reactions in an organism to produce new compounds and to improve the existing compounds production, or mediating the compound degradation is known as Metabolic Engineering.

Plant Metabolic Engineering process helps to isolate around 40,000 different types of terpinoids from the medicinal plants, which are used to cure many diseases. Few examples of terpinoids are ginkgolides, taxol and artemisinin.

Plant Metabolic engineering process alters the metabolomics of any organism by regulating biosynthetic mechanism through changes at genetic level. Through which a desired product can be produced.

12.Plant Hormones

Plant hormones include abscisic acid, auxin, gibberellins, ethylene, salicylic acid, cytokinins, strigolactones, nitrous (nitric) oxide and brassinosteroids. Plant tolerates the environmental stresses with the help of plant hormones.

Plant hormones involved in cell growth, cell expansion, cell division, plant growth to too tall, fall over, ripen fruits, thirst signals and tolerate stress.

Plant hormones are also called phytohormones which simply known as signal molecules produced with in plants in low concentration. Phytohormones occur in all plants in the plant kingdom i.e. from algae to higher plants with same function.

13.Plant Neurobiology

Plant Neurobiology  is a field of plant biology, which is newly focused to understand, how plants process the information or how they obtain the signal from their environment to develop, prosper and reproduce.

Plant neurobiology shows integrated signalling process, communication and response system like chemical production known to be neuronal in animals, long distance electrical signals, vascular tissue auxin vesicle mediated transport.

Plant neurobiology also comes under plant perception, which means plant sense and respond to the environment by adjusting its physiology and morphology. Botanists confirmed that plant reacts to stimuli, chemicals, gravity, light moisture, infection, oxygen, carbon dioxide and temperature.

 

14.Sensing and Signaling in Plant Stress Response

Plants exposed to continuous changing environment to which plants have to adjust accordingly to the condition. Plants response is regulated by a complex signalling pathway which starts with stimulus perception.

Recently identified sensing mechanisms includes heat sensing by the photoreceptor photochromic B, drought sensing by specific calcium influx channel and OSCA1 and salt sensing by glycosylinositol phosphorylceramide sphingolipids.

Extreme weather conditions like suboptimal temperatures, high soil ion content and altered water availability results in abiotic stress and where it leads to growth decrease. In such case plant makes its own modifications to survive and it will continue throughout its life cycle.

 

15.Plants Entomology and Pest Management

Disease and quality of life impacts in populated areas Entomology is the study of insects and their relationship to the environment, humans and the other organisms. Study on insects serves as the basis for biological and chemical pest control, fiber and food production, biological diversity, pharmaceuticals epidemiology and a variety of other fields of science.

Agricultural entomology unit is not only about insect pests, but also about beneficial arthropods found in the agro-ecosystem where it contributes to the ecosystem in the way of biological control and pollination.

Pest Management is all about, an organism that reduces the quality, availability or value of a human resource can be classified as a pest. Organisms called as pest when they escape normal control by natural regulating agents.

16.Plant Diseases

Plant Diseases are mainly caused by pathogenic microbes like fungus, bacteria and virus. Some plant diseases are classified as abiotic or non-infectious diseases which include damage from air pollution, toxicities or nutritional deficiencies, and grow under less than optimal conditions.

Plant disease can be identified by a physical evidence, for example fungal fruiting bodies, powdery mildew on a lilac leaf which shows  the parasitic fungal disease  organism i.e. Microsphaera alni.

A few symptoms of plant diseases are leaf rust, stem rust, sclerotinia, Bird eye spot, damping off of seedlings, leaf spot, cholrosis, fruit spot, canker, crown gall, sheperd’s crock stem, mosaic leaf pattern, crinkled leaves, plant stunting etc.

 

17.Agricultural Systems and Management

 

Agricultural Systems Management (ASM) prepares people to prepare and manage environmentally sound, technology-based businesses. The program's stress is on designing associate degreed directive an trade or business project with responsibility for results. ASM is predicated on associate degree understanding of however instrumentality and buildings area unit used with plants and animals and their product. These processes need associate degree understanding of the biological sciences to provide and maintain high product quality.

 

18. Smart Farming: From detector to AI

 

To survive during this world the occupation of farming plays a vital role because it provides most desires for personalities to measure during this world. however within the advancement of the technologies with the invention of the net of Things, Automation (Smarter technologies) is commutation the normal methodologies that in cause leading to wide selection improvement of the Fields. currently we have a tendency to area unit within the state of automation wherever the up gradation of sensibleer technologies is rising day by day in most sectors ranging from smart homes, waste management, vehicles, industries, Farming, health, grids, and so on. within the field of Farming, the advance with the implementation of Automation is additionally going down with the invention of the net of Things, AI, Machine Learning, etc.

 

19.Agricultural economic science, Policies and Rural Management

The Section “Agricultural economic science, Policies, and Rural Management" aims to publish stylish and knowledge domain analysis that advances understanding of problems and challenges within the loosely outlined areas of agricultural economic science, development policies, and rural management. The audience of this Section is world and also the Section welcomes articles from a various vary of theoretical views and method approaches that interact with and contribute to property agricultural and/or rural development. the main focus is on economic analysis and policies relevant for agricultural and/or rural sectors. Articles addressing up to date problems addressing agriculture and food economic science, development policies, ICT, agriculture, temperature change, property agriculture, productivity and potency, poorness and property livelihoods, rural–urban migration, and rural management area unit particularly welcome. The Section conjointly welcomes vital reviews and syntheses of current state of affairs in agricultural economic science, policies, and rural management.

 

20.Agricultural Water Management

The scope includes such numerous aspects as irrigation and evacuation of cultivated areas, assortment and storage of precipitation water in respect to soil properties and vegetation cover; the role of ground and surface water in nutrient athletics, water balance issues, exploitation and protection of water resources, management of flooding, erosion and desert creep, water quality and pollution each by, and of, agricultural water, effects of land uses on water resources, water for recreation in rural areas, and economic and legal aspects of water use. Basic soil-water-plant relationships are thought-about solely as so much as has relevancy to agricultural water management.

 

21.Agricultural Product Quality and Safety

 

The section “Agricultural Product Quality and Safety” welcomes original analysis and review articles that give novel insights into all topics associated with the composition, quality, safety, and security of agricultural manufacture and derived product (fresh-cut product, oil, wine, juices, etc.). The scope of submission includes all aspects of quality (chemistry, sensory, pathology, nutritionary, and health-promoting properties), postharvest operations (quality analysis, preservation, storage, packaging, industrial handling, trade, and distribution), and process.

 

22.Life Cycle Assessment of Agricultural and Agro-food System’s

The production and consumption of food is one in all the most important determinants of environmental degradation at the world scale. Likewise, individual dietary decisions verify serious impacts on human health, because of associate degree ever-growing demand for extremely processed foods, refined sugars, refined fats, oils, and meats.

Unless radical changes area unit enforced on the assembly and consumption sides, world trends of growth, inflated wealthiness, and dietary decisions area unit probably to worsen the impacts of food systems. The resource needs and emissions vary wide among foods, food production systems, and regions, so requiring assessment strategies that take into consideration such diversity.

 

23.Agricultural Soils

In agricultural soils, as long because the climate, soil sort and crop management practices area unit favorable for the event of a considerable soil fauna population, high soil fauna activity will cause the formation of a powerfully biogenic soil structure, dominated by excrements and channels.